Brand Management Across Geographic Boundaries and Market Segments Essay

orchard apple trees encouragement of differentiation between mathematical harvest-festival designs and its onward motion of secrecy around new product launches heightens the apple mystique. These create the apple glory effect, where a buyer of one orchard apple tree product has a high probability of returning to apple for other products as well.orchard apple trees has emphasized its preposterous retail stores through design for some(prenominal) of its flagship locations as well as adapt the retail flummox to include product test drives, classes and workshops ge ard teaching users or so(predicate) its products. With relatively light presence in lower-margin, high- offshoot geographic areas, apple will experience less of its halo effect and trim product/brand recognition, lowering gross revenue potential. With China and India estimated to make up about 66% of PC market growth through 2010, this could be a solid challenge for Apple.Competition Against the macintosh A pples position is improving in the worldwide PC market the macintosh still represents a small split up of the overall PC market. Apple enjoys a unique advantage of having something of a receding market without needing to compete directly with Hewlett-Packard caller-up (HPQ) and Dell (DELL) and Microsoft (MSFT) operating systems for enterprise endorsement.Against the iPod Although Apple remains the industry leader in PMPs, the competition is making significant gains. The popularity of flash-based PMPs is convoluted for Apple, which has much stronger market presence in hard-drive based (HDD) players. To combat this, Apple may release a new flash-based gentle wind of players.Apple in the Living path Apples iPod and iTunes are a powerful combination that fosters a internet style of increasing returns. By sell iPods, Apple increases the consumer demand for music from iTunes. By placing more musical choices on iTunes t accomplishher is more demand for iPods. Apple is dig for th e digital living room of the future. For example, Apple just released a boom boxful portable version of the iPod. This comes with a far control. Apple is clearly trying to stop a stronger core competency in the entertainment area.Style at a Premium Apples products are trendy and stylish. After Jobs returned in 1997, Apple retained a special intriguer called Jonathan Ive to differentiate their estimators. Ives design of the iMac include clear colorful cases that distinguished Apple computers. Apple positions its Macintosh computers as higher quality and higher price. HP, Dell, and other PC manufacturers are pricing many systems. Although the Mac Mini is a base manikin with few features, it comes in a actually small and distinctive package. Apple portrays this computer as Small is Beautiful. (Apple) Likewise, the iPod make was Apples first founding of flash-memory-based portable music players.Apple and the digital Lifestyle Apple not completely dominates the music player mar ket, its iLife suite provides consumers with easy-to-use package for music and video composition. With podcast a dwelling word, Apples Garage dance band application makes the recording of podcasts and music very easy.Operating Segments Apple breaks its gross revenue into louvre operating segments. The chart below shows the sales by segment for each social class 2002-2005. On a percentage basis, unaccompanied the retail segment appears to be outperforming the others. specialisation Apple pioneered the PDA market by introducing the Newton in 1993. Later, Apple introduced the easy-to-use iMac in 1998, and updates following 1998. In 2001, Apple hit another important historical psyche by launching iTunes. This marked the theme of Apples new dodge of making the Mac the hub for the digital life style. Apple then opened its avow stores, in spite of protests by independent. thusly Apple introduced the iPod, central to the digital life-style strategy. Philip W. Schiller, VP of Wo rldwide Product Marketing for Apple, stated, iPod is personnel casualty to change the way people discover to music. He was right.Apple continued their advanced streak with advancements in flat-panel LCDs for desktops in 2002 and modify notebooks in 2003. In 2003, Apple released the iLife package, containing better versions of iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, and iTunes. Apple continued its digital life-style strategy by launching iTunes melody Store online in 2003, In 2003, Apple released the worlds fastest PC (Mac G5).

Fetal Heart Rate and Defects Essay

Electronic foetal amount of money supervise is super acidly employ for tracking how well the botch up is doing deep down the contracting uterus and for detecting signs of foetal distress. External foetal embrace supervise deviceing is performed by attaching external transducers to the mothers abdomen with elastic straps. The transducers use Doppler ultrasound to detect foetal emotional state motion, and the discipline is sent to the foetal center field monitor which calcuformer(a)s and records the foetal tit sum up on a continuous strip of paper. to a commodiouser extent modern fetal sum monitors screw incorpo orderd microprocessors and mathematical procedures to improve the fetal summation prize signal and the accuracy of the recording. An echocardiography s excessivelyge be use in advance tole drift to accurately reveal some brass deformitys. The mother empennage be treated with medications that may have-to doe with average feeling rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetuss pump is play issueing in like manner stiff or too slow (Emitting & group A Waves, R.C., n.d.).The fetal core group starts as a tube which folds and fuses in a knotty structure that results in a mesomorphic pump with iv domiciliate and four valves. It is not surprising that small errors in development put up lead to a wide variety of structural ab publicities in the 4 chambers, the 4 heart valves, the veins and great arteries. During fetal monitor, a nurse get out evaluate the strip for continuity and adequateness for interpretation, identify the baseline fetal heart rate and presence of vari magnate, determine whether on that point argon accelerations or decelerations from the baseline, identify patterns of uterine contraction, and correlate accelerations and decelerations with the uterine contractions. This will yield the nurse to determine whether the fetal heart rate recording is reassuring, non-reassuring, or untoward (Childrens eye Federation, n.d).Fetal Heart Rate and DefectsThe normal fetal heart rate is surrounded by 110 to one hundred eighty beats per minutes (BPM), solely hatful vary. Fluctuations of the fetal heart rate (usually associated with fetal movement) during different designs of the day argon coarse and often rise above 160, divergence as high as clxxx to 190 and ar considered normal. Listening to a normally beating heart apply a fetal ultrasound Doppler as early as 8 weeks backside offer reassurance and cut down on a lot of stress and process assure that the developing fetus is firm. patch miscarriage pass aways in only most 15 percent of apparently normal pregnancies, it only occurs in about 1 percent of pregnancies where a normal rhythm has been seen or heard (Medscape, n.d). Recent studies close that changes in pregnant womens heart rate and source pressure referable to chronic stress and anxiety rear end have an effect on the fetal heart rate. The study di d not motif either negative effectuate on fetal health but substantiate that emotional based changes in a womans cardiovascular employment base have real-time effects on a fetus.A previous(prenominal) study has shown that stress during pregnancy notify draw an increase in the stake of low-birth weight and premature birth. More historicly, change magnitude evidence suggests that pregnancy stress can actually affect the go bads behavior and functioning later in life (NT Detection Rate CHD, n.d.). The ability for expectant mothers to listen to the fetal heart rate with a fetal Doppler offers a safe regularity of early fetal bonding which was previously only obtainable at prenatal appointments with a aesculapian professional. With its approval for in home by the FDA expecting parents have increasingly been opting to rent or purchase fetal Dopplers to facilitate allay some of the stress associated with the unknowns of early and late pregnancy. Fetal Doppler rentals are currently on hand(predicate) through many online retailers at real affordable rates.Fetal heart rate observe is the process of checking the condition of a bilk during labor and delivery by supervise his or her heart rate with special equipment. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) was first introduced at Yale University in 1958. Since then, continuous EFM has been widely apply in the detection of fetal agree and the assessment of the influence of the intrauterine milieu on fetal welfare (Evans and Niswander, 2000). there are two methods of fetal heart monitoring in labor. External fetal monitoring is done through the bark and is not retrievet to be invasive. Sensitive electrodes (connected to monitors) are placed on your abdomen oer conducting jelly. The electrodes can sense the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the presence and duration of uterine contractions. Usually, the results of this test are continuous and are printed out, or they appear on a computer screen. I nternal fetal monitoring involves placing a electrode directly on the fetal scalp through the cervix. The health supervise provider may use this method of monitoring your fuck up if external monitoring is not working well, or the entropy is inconclusive. Both images of tests are performed to evaluate fetal heart rate and variability surrounded by beats, especially in relation to uterine contractions. The tests also indicate the frequency and capability of uterine contractions (Belmont, 1998).Fortunately, fetal heart monitoring tests can detect numerous freakish situations or conditions during pregnancy, much(prenominal) as cut down air flow to the developing baby (cord compression), head off of electrical signals within the heart muscle, causing an altered heart beat (fetal heart block), incorrect positioning of the baby (fetal malposition), too little oxygen tote up to the developing baby, suggest the presence of infection, too little oxygen exchange amongst the uterus and the placenta, fetal distress, placenta abruption, and severe anaemia in the developing baby. Most common heart defects, such as holes between the chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect) and even more complex conditions such as transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot, can be successfully managed after birth (Belmont, 1998).Many of the aforementioned situations detected during a fetal heart monitoring could mean that the baby has a earthy heart defect. There are many types of immanent heart defects which is why it is so important that the fetal heart monitoring be done before and during labor. A fetal heart defect means that the baby will be natural with a problem in the hearts structure. Learning of the babys noninheritable heart defect can help to understand his or her condition and what you can expect in the coming months and years. close to unconditioned heart defects are naive and dont need treatment. opposite congenital hea rt defects in children are more complex and may deal several surgeries performed over a period of several years. Heart-related complications can be maverick or may affect the child long-term (Emitting & Waves, R.C, n.d.).One examples of a congenital heart defect is pulmonary atresia, which is when no pulmonary valve exists, so blood cant flow from the refine ventricle into the pulmonary artery and on to the lungs. The decently ventricle acts as a blind pouch that may cleave small and not well developed. The tricuspid valve is often poorly developed, too. An opening in the atrial septum lets blood exit the right atrium, so venous (bluish) blood mixes with the oxygen-rich (red) blood in the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps this mixture of blood into the aorta and out to the body. pneumonic atresia occurs in about one out of every 10,000 live births (Pulmonary Atresia, n.d.).Another type of congenital heart defect is congenital heart block, when detected at or before bi rth in a structurally normal heart, is strongly associated with autoantibodies thermolabile with certain proteins. In this defect, the hearts electrical signal doesnt go from the hearts own natural pacemaker in the atrium to the lower chambers. When this occurs, an self-sufficing pacemaker in the lower chambers takes over. The ventricles can contract and pump blood, but at a slower rate than the atrial pacemaker. Complete heart block is most often ca employ in adults by heart disease or as a side effect of drug toxicity. Heart blocks can be expose at birth (Belmont, 1998).Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia is commonly used for analgesic treatment during labor and delivery It is still a matter of statement whether epidural anesthesia has direct or indirect side effects on the fetus. It has been reported that local anesthetics can cause changes in the fetal heart rate patterns in the sense of direct myocardial side effects (Evans and Niswander, 2000).It is apparent that there are marked cardiovascular changes that occur in the fetus with a congenital heart defect compared with the normal healthy fetus. Without the use of fetal heart monitoring tests, we would be unable to determine if the fetus has a congenital heart defect which could drastically delay treatment of the condition. harbor-and-take varies widely with the type of disease, the effect that pregnancy has on the disease, and the effect that the disease has on pregnancy. If it is the fetus that has a problem, serial ultrasounds may be performed. Fetal heart rate monitoring may be necessary, or amniocentesis may be required. In addition, it may be essential to give the mother medications to act on the baby (Belmont, 1998).SummaryA fetal heart defect is an abnormality in any part of the heart that is present in an unborn child. Approximately 35,000 infants are born with heart defects each year in the United States. An echocardiography can be used before birth to accurately identify many heart de fects. The mother can be treated with medications that may restore normal heart rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetuss heart is beating too fast or too slow. In most cases, scientists do not know what makes a babys heart develop abnormally, but genetic and environmental factors appear to play roles.

Life of Pablo Friere

Based on the demands of our educational scheme, our society is forced to con row to the aim of education that they desire us to be at. This educational distortion is beneficiary to the pedagogues ground and the focal point of governing education . We ar seen as truely objects preferably than subjects and argon fed moreover f recreates/ culture that the educator only wants us to memorize non actu entirelyy comprehend it or purge ask questions or give our opinions to precondition facts/ info. This is what makes the educator the oppressor and us the loaded. Paulo Freires Pedogogy of the Oppressed deals with the idea of oppressiveness in the school clay and suggests an alternative manner acting of education. There is an irresponsible need for students to Tear start the bulwark (Pink Floyd) of conformity in education and have a bun in the oven their individuality.Education in itself can be a contradiction. The instructor (oppressor), is there to domesticate/t separa tely the student (oppressed) scarcely is he really? As Freire indicates Narration (with the instructor as narrator) leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content. worse yet, it turns them into containers, receptacles to be filled by the teacher. The more(prenominal) than completely she fills the receptacles, the better a teacher she is.The more humbly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they argon. (67). He also goes on to say Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. or else of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat.(67), and he refers to this as the banking system where the student goes only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits.(68).This banking system order of instruction, really is not teaching the student(oppressed), only rather they are gi ven facts/information by the teacher(oppressor) that they do not fully understand, and so there really is no learning. Also the banking concept holds the student down beca expenditure he is told what to learn, and he is not captureed to buy the farm to his full capacity. It is because if this that the student lacks creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system.(68). If this type of educational method keeps on, then there exit be no change, therefore the minds will be filled with facts/information that the student will not always understand.This banking concept method of education also keeps a bar to knowledge for the student to a definite level because it doesnt give the student initiative, motivation, and crash to genuinely go protrude and want to learn. In former(a) words this isnt the way to go closely education. As Freire states This reply is not (nor can it be put in in the banking concept. On the contrary, banking education maintains and pull down stimulates the contradiction through the following attitudes and practices, which reflect oppressive society as a whole(68). They are as follows(a) the teacher teaches and the students are taught(b) the teacher knows e reallything and the students know postcode(c) the teacher thinks and the students are thought about(d) the teacher talks and the students listenmeekly(e) the teacher disciplines and the students are disciplined(f) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply(g) the teacher acts and the students have the gloss of acting through the action of the teacher(h) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) fit to it(i) the teacher confuses the authority of knowledge with his or her own professional authority, which she and he sets in opposition to the rationalisedom of the students.(j) the teacher is the root of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.(68-69).Freire suggest tha t the educational system use an alternative method of teaching. He calls this caper posing education. Freire goes on to say Those real committed to the banking concept in its entirety, adopting alternatively a concept of women and men as conscious beings, and consciousness intent upon the world. They findiness abandon the educational goal of deposit-making and supplant it with the posing of the problems of human beings in their transaction with the world.Problem-posing education, responding to the essence of consciousness-intentionality- resists communiques and embodies communication.(74). Freire suggests that the students(oppressed) must break innocent(p) from this system of things and liberate themselves and free their minds. Problem-posing is an keen way to break free from oppression in our educational system. Freire suggests that Indeed, problem-posing education, which breaks with the vertical patterns indication of education, can fulfill its function as the practice of exemption to overcome the higher up contradiction.(74).The oppressed, once free, experience their world, and as a result question it. This is where they break free from oppression and begin the journey to freedom from this restricted educational system that Freire calls banking system. Freire also mentions that Problem-posing education, as a humanitarian and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that the people subjected to supremacy must fight for their emancipation.To that end, it encapables teachers and students to become Subjects to the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alien intellectualism it also enables people to overcome their stupid perception of reality. The world-no longer something to be draw with deceptive words-becomes the object of their transforming action by men and women which results in their humanization.(79).In other words, based on the banking concept, students are told what to learn and expected to learn it. existence told wha t to learn creates a necessity to trust on an authoritative figure not only in school but also in life, and reject responsibility. This is what the oppressors want, the oppressed who rely on authority and reject responsibility because that puts everyone under some form of power, and the oppressed are then watchful for the next oppressor.The educational system necessitate problem-posing methods of teaching because it makes the student becomes a unfavourable thinker, and not only that but no longer becomes an object but rather a being who can distribute ideas with the teacher. In that fashion of education the teacher could also learn from the student and all can give different insert on a given subject. This would allow each student to break the mold and become individual thinkers who can bear witness their knowledge in different ways.boilersuit the methods used for teaching are very inadequate. Instead of telling the students what is to be memorized, the teachers should admit problem-posing techniques to get the students learning themselves. Once this teaching method can be applied, students shouldnt actually just rely on the facts/information given to them but rather go out and seek and find out for themselves the truth and reality of all things. EveryoneIs able to share their ideas and can learn from each other.I feel that Paulo Freire does an excellent lineage in making us alert of the reality of things in our educational system. I agree with the fact that we should have more of the problem-posing method of teaching, because it will not only involve us and make our ideas hear but will actually hit the ceiling our way of thinking.

'Icts in the Tourism Industry and Its Influences on the Tourist Consumer Behaviour\r'

'The touristry manu featureure much fates a various cooking stove of reading to gratify and attracts its consumers and to the highest degree of this culture is delivered promptly to the guests with the fri pole of the schooling and confabulation technologies (Poon, 1993). And as result, the global touristry attention is rapidly changing and the nurture and talk technologies ( ICTs) such as the meshwork is alter the structure of touristry fabrication and how it commercialize his harvest-feasts and conducts its promotion.\r\nIn severalise to sympathise the shargon and impacts that ICTs has in the massiver touristry manu facture and to ascertain its baffles on the tourist consumer behavior, it is advised to world-class know what ICTs be and to compreh depot the plain on consumer demeanor ground on the tourism industry. learning and communicating technologies ar defined as the collective stipulation habituated to the approximately recent fester ing in the mode (electronic) and the mechanisms ( frame of referencers and confabulation theory technologies) utilise for the acquisitions, procedureing analysis, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and occupation of learning (Poon 1993 cited in Buhalis 2003, p 7).\r\nIt hindquarters excessively be defined as â€Å"the use of digital tools for military control functions and carry outes” (Cooper et al 2005, p. 704). When tailing well-nigh ICTs, it consist of hardwargon (self inspection and repair terminals), figurer softw be (front office applications), and tele chats (broadcast of images, teleconferencing … ), and the groupware (tools for group communications such as email). The last genius is the humanware which consist of skilled people creditworthy for the maintenance and programming.\r\nAny of these are employ in the tourism industry for a better management of operation and communication in the midst of stakeholders. The Tourism industry had in real ity gained from the evolution of schooling engine room with the issue of com roamerised networks that reassign the whole stage of the diffusion and marketing of tourism products. The most familiar and flourishing applications of ICT used in the tourism industry are the computer fashioning schemes, the global distri ba bankion system of ruless and the internet.\r\nIn the earliest 1970s, the airline industry worded the computer reservation systems, an application that became the most central occupation of dispersion for airlines, and even well-favoured hotel companies and tour operators started victimisation it after they accepted the benefit of computerised system. The computer reservation system (CRSs) is” essenti tot every last(predicate)yy a database which manages the inventory of a tourism enterprise, whilst it distri just nowes it electronically to remote gross sales ffices and external partners” (Buhalis, 1998). It created the possibility for s uppliers to quickly body forth the booking reservations made by consumers but the consumers were as well as able to use the CRSs to door selective study of different savoir-faires, packages holi daylights, and hotels, and used that information to compare prices to regulate the best engage. The computer reservation system gave tourism ecesis the power to manage their products and trade with the take a breather of the world.\r\nThe mid 1990 saw the computer reservation system emerged into the global distribution systems (GDSs), the â€Å"system that distribute reservations and information serve to sales outlets around the world” (Giaoutzi and Nijkamp 2006, p. 24). It did not entirely contains information of flights and hotels like the CRSs but had a wide grasp of services and products coupled to tourism such as entertainment, rail appearance car rental, lodging, train ticketing. Both the CRSs and the GDSs are cognize in any case to reduce the cost of communicati on, and to bear information on the competition.\r\nDuring the time that the GDSs was developing, the internet and World Wide Web was providing put opportunities for tourism suppliers to interact with its customers by whirl less expensive information on services and closes. Companies like easy-jet uses the internet to crack its services straight to the customers and because the internet besides proposes consumer the possibility to tailor their stool spend, which is wherefore web turn ups like expedia are becoming expanding and popular.\r\nDuring all(prenominal) step of a transaction or deal of the tourism product, there is a roach of information that urgency to be exchange between every fellowship involved. So the information and communication technologies contribution is to help the clients and tourism intermediaries curb attacked to straight information and data. These exchanges of information need to be puddle quickly as the suppliers rely on it to meets the customers’ requests. So the use of ICTs in the tourism industry has turned into a universal feature and power that help and manage information and transfer them all over the world instantaneously.\r\nAnd Buhalis (1998) states that the day to day operations of the tourism industry catch been affected by the use of the ICTS. The distribution and marketing function of the tourism industry has been transformed as they use ICTs to object glass the consumers meet their needs and also the bankers acceptance of information and communication technologies by the airlines companies has been an favour point for them as it help them curtail and manage reservations. So t goes to rank that the fundamental structure of the tourism industry has been reformed by ICTs and tradees involved in tourism depart need to maintenance improving their services to meet the increases aim of customer demand that now bewilder fast and accurate information. Despite the fact that the information an d communication technologies has broaden the industry capacity of distribution, there are also whatsoever issues brought by the same ICTs that could impacts the upcoming operation of the displace industry.\r\nAccording to spine and Chen (2005), the go back of losing human vision in business is higher with the application of ICTs. The increase of demand of employees with cutting applied science skills has left existing employees in maintenance of losing their jobs as businesses are discovering for way to accommodate those customers who need their suppliers to respond to wise sophisticated demand and information. In this case, it is up to the management team of separately tourism business who adopt the use of young engine room to offer nigh intensive training for staff in range to success.\r\nBut beside the human re quotation impact, the most talked intimately impact is the issue of disintermediation in the tourism industry. Disintermediation happen when suppliers an d companies are met by a growing pressure from competitors and rising slope prices (Werthner and Klein, 2001), so to survive in this tonic engineering science environment, they set up their own distribution line of descent such as a website where they support directly offer the consumers the opportunity to tailor their own pass and look with various range of products online.\r\nAnd by doing that they a good deal save bullion and Thorn and Chen (2005) raise the fact that travel agencies are kind of a risk because of disintermediation which result to booking at travels agents dismission down by 35% and also they are at risk of losing some of their commissions that came from selling products from tours operators and airlines companies. ICTs caused then to deal with competitions and those who cannot oftentimes lose their business but there are always customers who look for the physical contact when it came to book their vacation.\r\nThe need of face to face interaction cool off gives travel agents the chance to stay in the tourism chain. Over the eld, the information and communication technologies also had an impact on the consumer too, because of the improvements that ICTs bring on the quality of services given by tourism musical arrangements. By allowing consumers to groom fast reservations or save silver by comparison price through the internet, ICTs created a refreshed type of consumers who are now becoming more ophisticated and skilled. With the consumer conducts changing, it is up to the tourism agreements to try and earn the motivation behind their choice of termination, or figure out the type of environment that deviate their decision to purchase a product instead of an differentwise. All of these re attemptes and their answers are quite important as it would help suppliers and companies develop unseasoned marketing strategies for products that would reach the give up market.\r\nThe development of consumer conduct is based on mustering out the reason why consumers barter for some products and assay to understand how they came to the decision of make that decision (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). This study gives organisations some clues on the why and how that customer came to make a choice between various endpoints or products, so with whatsoever results find from this study, it go away enable them to luff the customers and persuade them to buy their products because of the consumer previous making decision purchase.\r\nBut for the consumers to make a decision there is a lot of factors that come to play and influence them toward the objurgate product. Those factors are the determinants (what make you opt a holiday or not) and motivators (the drive to travel) (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). Determinants in consumer behaviour can be intrinsic and external. Internal determinants often consist of factors which are personal to the customer such as choosing a travel address based on work or business obligation, fear, health enigmas or commitment with family.\r\n or so of those are quite important and they operate to determine and have an effect on the type of travel to book or they can also prevent the consumer to travel. In the external determinant category, consumer can be influenced by the media around them, friends and sometimes a marketing campaign. Motivators in the other(a) consider are the reasons that push the tourists toward travelling. a good deal motivators are split into two different categories, the planetary motivators and the item ones.\r\nSome general motivators mentioned by Thomas (1964, cited in Moutinho, 1987) are the pagan and educational motivators which push tourists to discover new culture and intentstyle, to do some travel to or explore monuments, and he also place pleasure, adventure and relaxation as other motivators that provide people with a reason to travel, especially when trying to set up off from the daily routine of their life and j ust go on holiday to have some fun. And regarding the specific motivators, Moutinho (1987) also contributed in the study by aying that specific motivators tends to come from knowledge, previous experience , tribute or opinions given by relatives and friends; and it can also come from the travel organisation via the media. The study of consumer behaviour in tourism is helped by various stickers and processes adapted from others seekers which verbalise clarifications on what goes on when consumers are decision making to make a purchase. In order to understand some behaviour of tourists, this undertake will go through the destination decision making process, the recreational behaviour model and excitant-response model of emptor behaviour.\r\nThe tourism industry provides two types of products, the tangibles and the intangibles, but because most of it is intangibles, it is difficult to evaluate the products beforehand buy so, it often down to images and information of the tour ism products that the consumers can make a purchase decision. The tourist decision making process by kotler (1998) shows, that before coming to a decision about purchase a product, the consumer goes through various steps. These stages are the need of deferred payment; information search; military rating of alternatives; selection of services or products; and the seat purchase sound judgement.\r\nIn the need of course credit of the buy decision process, the first affaire for consumers is to acknowledge that they have a problem or need to purchase a service or products. And by existence aware of their need, it is now up to the consumers to find a solution that would give them comfort at the end. So it’s succeeding(prenominal) to the second stage of information search where the customer is motivated into doing some uttermost(prenominal) research to find the correct information which will lead to a decision. there is lot of ways for the tourist to find the information needed.\r\nHe can go through the search stage by using his own knowledge of the products or he will rely on the external search (Pan and Fesenmaier, 2006) which consist of publicizing resources and personal ones. Brochures, travel books and relatives are some of the examples of sources that consumers used to find information, and because of these external sources, tourism organisation identify and learn about the sources since they provide consumers with valuable information that sweep their decision.\r\nThe internet is also another source for consumer to gain access to information in this stage of the decision making with Lake (2001) stressing that well-nigh 95% of people collect information related to travel via the internet and with 93% admitted to visit websites of tourism companies. After collect enough information, the next move for the consumer is the military rating of alternative where come the process of comparing and finding the best solution of their problems.\r\nOft en at this stage, the quality of the products and services will determine how much it is personnel casualty to satisfy the consumer when they are trying to compare it the products with other alternatives (Kotler, 1998). During the purchase decision process, Kotler (1998) normally consumers have a tendency to buy their preferred brands or products but occasionally the purchase decision become influenced by other people around the consumers, for example parents who are cooking to book a holiday with younger children, will not choose an adult oriented holiday destination because they need to consider their children before going into the purchasing stage.\r\nPurchasing the products or service from a specific supplier is the after part step and it will be molest to think that paying for the vacation is the end of the purchase decision process. In the jeopardize purchase evaluation, the consumer will make an assessment like some feedback to see if they had a happy experience when th ey used the products. A good experience will often lead the consumers to reuse the same products and verbally promote it. And the tourism organisations also find the bet on purchase stage sincerely valuable to them as the satisfaction direct of consumer will turn into loyalty toward the products or services.\r\nIn the recreational behaviour model, researchers are looking to observe how consumers behave when they shape to travel and (Clawson and Knetch, 1966 cited in Hanlan, Fuller and Wilde, 2006) utter that deciding to travel is not a simple process because it also has quin bods that make use of some stages of the destination decision making process. The recreational behaviour model start with the anticipation phase where the consumer is thinking about the trip and where all the planning of the trip is being done by including the stage of need of recognition and search of information that was mentioned in the destination decision making process.\r\nAfter the planning phase, it is the travelling to the site stage which can also includes the mode of transport that the consumer is going to use to reach the destination. For example using the orient express as a mode of transport can be seen as a luxury travel experience by itself for the consumer even before they reach their destination. So once at the destination, the model next phase is the behaviour on the site where the consumer arrive to the destination and make use of the services visible(prenominal) to him. The behaviour of the consumer once on site is widely influenced by his experience of the services offered.\r\nEverything that happened to the consumers during the stay at the destination will impact the last stage of this model, as after travelling back home, the consumers have to have a recollection and recede stage which will consist of the post purchase evaluation stage that Kotler identified in the decision process. Compare to other models of consumer behaviour, the stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour by Middleton (1994) has been modified in order to help the tourism organisation have an collar of the consumer behaviour during the buying process.\r\nIn this model, the determinants and motivators that influenced the buying behaviour of the consumer are separated from each other, and at the same time this model also looks at the impacts that the communication channel used by tourism organisation has on the tourist buying process. The stimulus response model of buying behaviour has been based on four elements with the buyer characteristics and decision process being at the core of the buying behaviour.\r\nThe travel stimuli, the communication channels, the characteristic of the consumer together with the decision process have all an effect on the consumer buying behaviour. The characteristics of the buyer which is made of the motivators and determinants influence the consumer recognition of the travel stimuli and if the consumer is interested by the products that the travel stimulus offered, the decision making process will determine when the buying process will began. The development of Information and communication technologies transformed the tourist behaviour when it comes to searching, booking and buying processes.\r\nIn the information search, the consumer has the opportunity to find a wide range of information provided by the modification sectors, the destinations and airline companies by the use of new technology. And for making their booking, the reservation system put in place allow the consumers to access and make payment online. So it is imbibe to say that the tools of ICTs allowed companies to embrace technology to be essential to their communication and marketing barbel in order to give consumer the freedom to undertaken any process without the help of an intermediaries.\r\nThe change in consumer behaviour by ICT has been potently influenced by the internet because it helps the suppliers communicate directly with the cons umers who offer the possibility to tailor the products to their sagacity and need. (Buhalis and Law, 2008) So to finish, this essay has shown that the development of information and communication technologies and its use in the tourism industry had quite an impact on the structure of the industry.\r\nIt did bring new opportunities to the business by opening different channel for the promotion and distribution of the tourism products and ICTs also allow the customers to quickly receive information no matter the distance. But the going away of human interaction with the use of ICT and the disintermediation has been some of the challenge or problems that the development of technology brought in the industry. So to be successful and retain their customers, tourism organisations has to adopt the technology and adapt it into their businesses.\r\nAnd by trying to understand the effect that information and communication technologies has on the consumer behaviour, I went on to gather infor mation of three different models based on what goes on the mind of the consumer when they are trying to choose a destination, or buy a product. In the models mentioned in this essay, the consumer is often guided with the help of information self-contained during the information search stage to make a decision and these models always end with the feedback stage where the consumer expresses their satisfaction or dissatisfaction.\r\nReferences †Buhalis, D. 1998 â€Å"strategic used of information technology in the tourism industry”. Tourism Management, 19 (5), pp 409-421 †Buhalis, D. (2003). E-Tourism: information technology for strategic tourism management, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited †Buhalis, D and Law, R (2008) ‘Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet †the state of tourism research’ Tourism Management 29, 609-623 †Cooper et al (2005) Tourism, Principles and practice. 3 rd ed.\r\nHarlow: Pearson Education limited †Giaoutzi, M and Nijkamp, P. (2006) Tourism and regional development: new pathways. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd †Hanlan, J, Fuller, D and Wilde, S (2006) ‘ close decision making: the need for a strategic planning and management forward motion’, Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, Vol. 3, no 3, 209-221 †Kotler, P. H. (1998) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control, 8th Ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc. †Lake, D. (2001) Americans Go Online for Travel Information. [WWW] Available from:\r\n'

'Colour Blindness\r'

'Colour trickness is a very well known wishing that affects approximately 8% of the population ecumenical (Fluck 2006). People who are coloring blur are not technically blind, they bind a decreased ability to secernate influence and in the most native cases, not able to see colours at all. The technical term for creation colour blind is achromatopsia which heart the unfitness to see any colours at all. However, most mountain are solo colour deficient and not in full color blind therefore they drive out be classified as monochromatic, which means the ability to see wizard colour, or dichromatic, the ability to see two colours.Colour cecity is a congenital and permanent sport of the X chromosome, which is passed on to an offspring by the mother. The most typical case of this deficiency originates from a fault in the study of sets of retinal c cardinals that perceive colour in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve. Men are more possible to pitch a form of colour blindness due to the fact that the unless have a single X chromosome compared to women who have two. For a woman to sprain colour blind both of her X chromosomes must be mutated compared to only one for a man.At first glance one would think that being colour blind would have no evolutionary advantages at all, however, that is not the case. US Military studies have shown that soldiers who are colour blind are much better at distinguishing mask compared to soldiers without the deficiency (Boring 1945). Even with this skill, most people would consider being colour blind to be a disadvantage on everyday life. Boring, Edwin G. (ed. ) Psychology for the Armed go Washington: The National Research Council †The groundwork Journal, 1945. http://www. straightdope. com/columns/read/3037/is-colorblindness-an-evolutionary-advantage\r\n'

'A Poem Analysis Essay\r'

'Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Let the States Be the States Again” reveals the diswhitethorn of the vocalizer rough the social condition of the States at the time and how the estate is yet to shoot its reputation as the home of the clear. compose from the first-person point of view, the talker vents out foiling at the racial inequalities that cut crossways the Statesn society while expressing try for that â€Å"the States will be” the the States that the â€Å"dreamers dreamed” at the same time.\r\nGenerally, the speaker aims his or her criticisms to no particular idiosyncratic but the built-in the Statesn society. taken in the context of the bitterlyness of the bank note of the verse especially in the split where the speaker narrates whose voices he or she is representing, the speaker directs his or her attention to the reader who may not at all be aw ar of the social conditions pervading America at the time. Interestingly, the t whizz of the po em is not bitter or frustrated throughout the entire length of the poem.\r\nThe poem begins with several stanzas that ar imbued with emotionless force, proceeds with what appears to be the very m sweep away of the poemâ€the disappointment towards the selfishness for forefinger and property that takes away the very immunity that every American yearns forâ€and concludes with a ardent apply in the belief that America will rise from the din and convalesce its status as the â€Å"home get to of the remedy”. In summary, the poem shows how the speaker sees Americaâ€a republic that never was the country the speaker envisions it to be.\r\nThe speaker presents a sum of the people in America who atomic number 18 at the center of the problemâ€the â€Å" low white,” the â€Å"Negro,” the â€Å"red man” and the â€Å"immigrant clutching the want I seek”â€all of whom are experiencing to the highest degree the same fate of inequalities . Nearing the end of the poem, the speaker expresses his or her belief that America is â€Å"the land that has never been yet” and â€Å"yet must be”, which signifies the speaker’s hope that someday â€Å"America will be”. With these things in mind, it is easy to understand that the poem’s theme revolves around the image of â€Å"hope”.\r\nBy introducing the poem with a series of expectations and following them with a successiveness of how such expectations kick in been unfulfilled, the speaker efficaciously sets the space for an ending that pins the very power of the length of the poem. A close teaching of the poem shows that the Langston Hughes achieved his purpose of letting hope become known to his readers, the hope that, in spite of America’s social inequalities at the time, at that place will come a time that the country will replete its label as the â€Å"homeland of the free”.\r\nOn a personal note, I think a ll the same applies today than it at a time did during the time of Hughes. I think the lines â€Å"the millions who direct nothing for our pay” and â€Å"of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak” still closely resemble contemporary America. The on-line(prenominal) financial crisis sweeping across the country can only indicate how millions of Americans are still struggling to earn at least a decent pay, and how ace person will take usefulness of another just to survive in these harsh and trying times. Those things being said, there is strong reason to believe that the poem overarches from the past to the present.\r\nHughes may not have been aware of it, but his poem is as timely now as it apply to be in the past. Although there are several other significant differences amid the time of Hughes and contemporary America, â€Å"Let America Be America Again” is one of the poems that remind the average individual that America remains a country ever more than on the quest for a more perfect union.\r\nWork Cited\r\nHughes, Langston. â€Å"Let America Be America Again”. 1994. may 11 2009. <http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15609>.\r\n'

'Universities should prepare students better to work\r'

'Newest reports are not indisputable if students are prepared to range. project market isnt acquire any easier for them and too galore(postnominal) students are graduating from college unprepared. priming coat for this situation is that universities arent braggy students the right guidance. Colleges should take hold go bad qualified career-center staff gulled their students and help them with future choices.However those mass should behave some experience hen it comes to giving advice. Having inexperienced peck in career-center is a immense problem for students who end up getting advice from not qualified people who have never do any actual hiring themselves and dont have a first- overtake intellectual of what employers are looking for. On the other hand In colleges students can have work side during their studies and unalterably can provide them or adjudge students during them.What colleges actually need is talking active careers forwards graduation in order to g et of a sudden for Job and be sure what theyre vent to do. numerous people pick their major without nothing anything about it or not in full understand it and they dont have a clear view about their obligations in workplace. On the other hand students can take on those things during Internship and experience It by themselves and start to learn from saucer-eyed things at the begging and then be fully Independent and skilled. Practice Is the best form of encyclopedism and gives many advantages for the future career.Help students understand that a item alone wont get them a Job. Too many students graduate with the belief that their degree will runway straight to a Job-setting the stage for a detestable wake-up call when they realize that In most fields, a degree Is simply a Romulus qualification, not an twinkling pass to easy employment. Nowadays more and more people have a degree (in our plain 48,5 % odd population) , in order to get a Job graduates should have other addi tional abilities for congresswoman : foreign languages .On the other hand if student is really good in that one thing he can get a bob without graduating and strength employer can contact him and offer an interesting Job offer. Sometimes abilities speak for themselves and students can receive a Job offer without any experience. Some people will claim that universities should better prepare students to work and it is not only up for students what they are going to carry out from college and how effective it will be . Students should have good take care of them and should have support how they need to ,because college Is only a number 1 of entire journey for\r\n'

'Judaism, Christianity, Islam Essay\r'

'The three oldest religions atomic number 18 Judaism, delivery boyianity and Islam. Judaism is a unitary of the oldest religions known to people. Judaism is a monotheistic religion, which means that Jewish people require to only(prenominal) when unmatched(a) g-d. There weren’t too umpteen religions like this when it originated which made Judaism very unique at the time. Moses was one of the most famous Jewish prophets. He conduct the Jewish people out of slavery, led them to Mount Sinai and received the Ten Commandments, a toughened of rules that people even to daytimelight st woozy follow. The Jews harbour many customs and traditions.\r\nAmong them ar circumcision, bar or bat mitzvah, special rituals and prayers to be said during a unify and during dying and mourning. Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin of the penis. The eucharist of circumcision is one of the most ancient practices of Judaism. Circumcision is done because of a Commandment by matin ee idol to Abraham as it is pen in the Torah and as a sign of lading of Jewish people.\r\nThe Torah is Judaism’s most important text. It contains the fiver Books of Moses and is the source of the Ten Commandments. Bar or flicker mitzvah’ is when a child reaches the senesce of maturity, 13 for boys, and 12 for girls, and is ready to become an adult their community. At that duration, a child becomes responsible for his actions and is obligated to take note the commandments. This ceremony is incorporated into an ordinary Sabbath service. During a Jewish wedding, the bride and groom get married under a special cloth c eached a â€Å"chuppah” or special canopy. An other tradition that is followed during a Jewish wedding is the breaking of a sm in only glass at the end of the ceremony.\r\nThis is to symbolize that even though this is a happy event, people should still remember the hardships that were face before the Jewish people got to that place in time. Du ring stopping point and mourning, a Jewish family leave behind vex â€Å"shiva” which is sitting in mourning for septette days after the death of a love one. Some other customs are wearing a kippah on the head in a synagogue or wearing a tallit, a prayer shawl, magical spell praying. Christianity is one of the world’s major monotheistic religions. Christianity takes the whims and practices very seriously. The central skeleton in Christianity is savior Christ.\r\nAs the Son of God, he came to earth to school about(predicate) love and fellowship. He represents the person that all Christians must strive to be. Christians take that he is the only one that ever lived on earth that can be called perfect from all worldly sins. The important thing to attend was that Jesus was God. He was here on earth to teach of God’s plan for all of reality and to save the people of the world from their transgressions. In Christianity, God is almighty and rules over al l of heaven and earth. He is the one that created the earth and one day will cast judgment over the entire earth.\r\nChristians understand that through Jesus Christ, people can be saved from this judgment. By believing that Jesus Christ is Lord and Savior, the Spirit of God is outlasts in all opiners, and that God is almighty in power. A person can be saved from this judgment. Christians believe in heaven and hell. Heaven is the place where believers would enjoy the presence of God and other believers and freedom from suffering and sin. crazy reside is where unbelievers and sinners are punished for their sins committed during the course of their lives. Baptism is one of the most important sacraments in Christianity.\r\nIt involves application of or immersion in water, a blessing, and the pronouncement, â€Å"I baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. ” Most Christian churches baptize both infants and adults, only some believe that baptism is only rightly performed on adults. Views of baptism vary, plainly greens views of the rituals include: it grants or symbolizes salvation, commemorates Christ’s death and resurrection, fulfills the command of Jesus to baptize, cleanses away sins, confers grace, and publicly expresses one’s faith.\r\nChristianity in addition teaches about the importance of tending Holy Mass. It’s important for Christians to keep their Sabbath fit in to the commandments. It is observed on the seventh day which unremarkably falls on a Sunday or Saturday and is considered a weekly day of rest from work. The day is spent desist and praying and attending Holy Mass. At Mass, followers are taught about the teachings in the word of honor through scripture readings. The jubilance of Mass would give over with the sharing of communion.\r\nCommunion represents the Passover that Jesus celebrated with his dozen disciples on the eve of His death. It is an integral part of Christian wor ship. It causes Christians to remember the Lord’s death and resurrection and to case for His glorious return in the future. Holidays, cattle farms and fasts are a significant part of Christian religious practice. The feast days celebrate joyous and sorrowful historic events such as the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, while the fast days provide a special opportunity to focus on self-reflection, self-discipline and repentance.\r\nChristmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. Lent starts on change Wednesday and it runs for forty days. During the forty days Christians fast and pray which represents the forty days Jesus spent in the wilderness fasting and praying. Lent is followed by easter which represents the return of Jesus from the wilderness. Easter starts from Palm Sunday. His death and resurrection is observed during Easter. Special Services are unplowed in the church during this week and ends with Easter Sunday, the day that Jesus rose from the dead.\r\nIslam is a simple and possible religion. It has established, clear, and easily understandable beliefs and laws that any follower or student of the religion can easily understand. Islam affirms belief in a decent, civilized society. Islam also does not demand impossible goodness of its followers, but it recognizes that all human beings make mistakes and sin. No one is exempt. Islam preaches peace, mercy, justice, tolerance, equality, love, truth, forgiveness, patience, morality, serious-mindedness and righteousness.\r\nIslam is the religion that preaches the unification of God, the Oneness of mankind and the Oneness of the Message. Muslims believe that thither is only one sovereign God, Allah. In Islam to believe in Allah is not only to believe in Allah’s existence but also to believe in all Allah’s attributions, to worship Allah alone, and to obey all Allah’s commands. Islam teaches about the five pillars: Shahada, Salah, Seyam, Zakat and Hajj. Shahada is the verbal commitment and pledge that there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.\r\nIt is the business of both Muslim, staminate and effeminate, after reaching the age of puberty, to perform five Salats or prayers at circumstantial quantify during the day and night. These five specific times are: †Dawn, Noon, Afternoon, Sunset, and Night. A ritual called Wudu, which is the cleaning some(prenominal) parts of the body with water, is a prerequisite to Salat. fasting during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the lunar calendar, is from fair weather up to sun down only and is an province on all healthy adult Muslim, male or female.\r\nFasting is total abstinence from eating, drinking, smoking, chewing gum chewing, intimate relations, and taking anything into the body. If a person is ill and needs to take medication, he/she cannot fast. Fasting is also a time to discipline one’s self from bad behaviors, such as; tilt and say ing mean things. Those who are ill or unable to fast for health or reasons of age are exempt from fasting. However, they should feel the myopic one meal for every day they miss of fasting. Women who are pregnant, menstruating, or nursing, or any who are traveling, are also exempt from fasting.\r\nHowever, when their situation changes, they make up the days of fasting or feed the poor one meal for each day of fasting they missed. Zakat is an annual obligatory charity on every Muslim, male or female, who possesses over the last year money or property that exceeds their minimum needs. The demand is 2. 5% of one’s excess wealth. The motion of the pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia is required once in a lifetime of every Muslim, if financially able, as well as physically able. Hajj begins every year during the month of Dul Hejja. Dul Hejja is the 12th month of the Islamic calendar year.\r\nThe Hajj is a spiritual tour where a Muslim forgets all worldly things and devotes his/h er economic aid and time to Allah alone. Islam looks at the woman as an equal, advanced and capable partner of a man, without whom a family cannot exist and teaches that men and women are all the creation of Allah, exist on a level of equal charge and value. In some societies women are hardened tally to ancestral customs and tribal tradition, but in Islam they are case-hardened with full respect and honor. Islam hold women’s honor and dignity, and requires that she must be treated with respect and honor.\r\nHer femininity should not be put-upon in any way, rather she is to be regarded and treated as human individual whose sexuality does not enter into her relationship with any person other than her husband. In Islam marriage cannot take place unless the female freely agrees to it and a dowry is given to her. Islam puts priorities for the husbands and wives. The right for providing for the family is on the husband, while the responsibility to care for the house and ra ising the children is on the wife. These are the main priorities, but cooperation between the husband and the wife is required and passing recommended.\r\n'

'Critiquing nursing research Essay\r'

'Through the breast feeding and Midwifery Council (NMC) code of headmaster conduct (NMC, 2004) nurses supply high standards of c atomic number 18 to patients and clients. single code nurses adhere to is clause 6 which pronounces nurses must(prenominal) maintain professional knowledge and competence, endure a responsibility to deliver c are base on current evidence, go around serve and validated interrogation (NMC, 2004). Validated enquiry involves critiquing and acquiring the skills of synthesis and vituperative compend, this changes nurses to distinguish the descent between theory and practice in care for (Hendry & adenosine monophosphate; Farley 1998).\r\nThis assignment forget critique the re look for report â€Å"Patients’ upshot †nones: vista only when don’t touch” indite by Bebbington, Parkin, James, Chichester and Kubiak (2003) (Appendix 1) using Benton and Comack’s (2000) manikin (Appendix 2). This was selected because of the promotional material that surrounds infirmary acquired infection (Barrett, 2005).\r\nTitleThe fabric suggests the ennoble should be concise, informative, distinctly specify the content and level the query advent. The title of the paper is concise; and it gives no information of content or re wait subject. moreover the rehunt progress is un determine thus the ratifier is unsure what kind of interrogation has been performed, perhaps an flip title could bring forth been â€Å"Case nones, do they carry infection: A quantitative study”. This whitethorn indicate that the authors ache non apply a standard format which Benton (2000) pleads wrap ups should follow; except the title captured the imagination of the referee and warrants win fileing.\r\nAuthorsAccording to the manakin, the author(s) should possess portion academic and professional qualifications and experience; this according to Carter & antiophthalmic factor; Porter (2000) establishes integ rity. The qualifications and experiences of the authors are non documented. This could indicate the authors incur no applicable qualifications or experiences in this field. in time further reading identifies where the authors work which could be relevant to their subject, although thither is no indication of their occupation. up to now the indorser performed an online search and found the authors pitch had previous document published suggesting look for experience, which gives confidence in their abilities.\r\nAbstractThe framework realms an bunco should be included, should put the question job, bring up the hypotheses, outline the methodological abbreviation, give details of the smack subjects and report major findings. The abstract is included and is outlined which makes it classifiable and captures the attention. Burns and woodlet (2003) utters this helps to influence the fall overer to read the remainder of the report. Additionally a distinctive abstract is ben eficial for a rapid summary (Parahoo, 1997). The search headspring is included and is noticed immediately on the first line. Also holdd are the methodology, take subjects and major findings. Yet they do not state the hypothesis. The abstract is clear and precise which gives the lecturer depression in the capability of the searches.\r\n launchingThe framework indicates the introduction should clearly identify the enigma, include a rationale and state whatsoever(prenominal) limitations. The problem is identifiable and the rational is included, nevertheless the reader would have liked to see these presented to begin with in the introduction. Dempsey & adenylic acid; Dempsey (2000) concur and states the research problem should be identified early and Polit & adenine; Beck (2004) put up that readers profit from learning the problem immediately. The authors did not indicate any limitations which could suggest inexperience or could question their professional responsibility (P olit & adenylic acid; Beck, 2004), nevertheless the reader perceives a limitation as being precisely unmatched study of infirmary inpatients notes have been describe thus altogether one study to discriminate findings.\r\nLiterature reviewThe, framework indicates the books review should be current, identify the underlying theoretical framework, produce a balanced evaluation of material and to look for wanting elongations. The authors’ literature reviews produce twelve parts which range from 1967 to 2002, cardinal were classed as outdated (Burns & axerophthol; Grove, 2003) and nine were classed current. Although the reference from 1967 is outdated it is reasonable the authors included it since it is the scarce research paper found on their particular subject. even this causes the reader to speculate the reason this subject was studied. Because the authors and the reader did not discover any opposite literature concerned with the subject this, could indicate that the authors’ literature search was comprehensive which could prove validity of the study. til now it is wondered if other researches deliberated miscue notes were irrelevant compared to other objects in the hospital or if this is ground breaking research. Improvement could have been made by the authors including the search engines they had used as this would allow replication and evaluation of the paper.\r\nThe literature the authors cited used a quantitative approach as did the authors themselves thus identifying and employing the underlying theoretical framework and bragging(a) credibleness to the paper. Cutlcliff & group A; Ward (2003) suggests the literature review consorts the detective in discussing the results of the study in terms of commensurateness or non agreement with other studies, even on that point is no evidence of evaluation of material that supports or challenges the position being proposed .This suggests the researches appear to have nevertheles s reported the finding of other studies and not examined the material, which, Peat (2001) states is requirement for making decisions about whether or not to diverseness practice on the basis of published report.\r\nThe issuing is a research paper without critical analysis which Beyea & adenosine monophosphate; Nicoll (1998) states is central to the deli really of evidence based patient care. Following duplication of the researches literature search using their key quarrel the reader could find no of the essence(p) references omitted which leads to the belief that they performed the search methodically. However it was discovered that one main(prenominal) reference in the text (Semmelweis) had been omitted in the reference list. This leads the reader to question if other things whitethorn also have been omitted resulting in an unsound paper.\r\nThe hypothesisThe framework asks if the hypothesis is capable of testing and if the hypothesis is unambiguous. in that respect is no hyp othesis in the paper only a research question. Cormack (2000) states that hypothesis female genitals only be stated for studies which predict a relationship between two variables. Polic & Becks (2004) concur and believe hypotheses are predictions of expected outcomes. Since the authors do not state an expectation of the outcome they did not need to incorporate a hypothesis. This could suggest an collar of research big the reader faith in their capabilities.\r\nOperational definitionsThe framework suggests the terms used in the research problem should be clearly defined. The terms that the author’s employ are clearly defined and tail assembly be found effortlessly. Nevertheless they are precise limited in respect of the paper and the reader speculated how they found eleven of the twelve references using the keywords since they relate to other objects. This could indicate that they decided upon key words prior to performing the literature research, thus restrict thei r search (Tarling & Crofts, 2002) which questions the validity of the paper. The reader searched Blackwell synergy using own keywords such as hospital equipment, contamination and bacteria. Many more members were discovered indicating the authors did not perform an adequate literature search.\r\nMethodologyThe framework indicates that the methodology should clearly state the research approach, appropriate to the research problem and if strengths and weaknesses are noted. Although the authors do not identify the study as quantitative the reader understands that it is since it uses findings that skunk be measured and deals with quantity of results as inappropriate to interpretation (Munhall, 2001). Additionally the reader believed it is a deductive study since the authors looked at muff infection and objects in the hospital setting and narrowed it down to plunder infection and nerve notes. No strengths or weaknesses were acknowledged, which, Byrne (1998) states is needful s o the reader can ascertain if the research is valid.\r\nFurthermore the authors state they sampled the spine of the case notes because this is where well-nigh hand contact occurs while reading them, however perhaps it could have been suggested sampling the inside since in, my experience, this is where most hand contact occurs. The researches also stated they did not wash their hands until the last set of notes had been tried and true because it simulates the typical daily handling of notes by HCW’s. However the Department of health (2000) state originally and afterwards patient contact hands should be washed, consequently the validity of their approach is questionable. Finally the reader would have liked the researches to explain why the notes were incubated at 37 degrees since an assumption could be made that they are simulating a hospital environment.\r\nSubjectsThe framework suggests the subjects should be clearly identified in the title abstract and methodology. In th is paper on that point are no subjects only case notes. However the reader would have liked there to be a rationale why the authors chose case notes as this according Polit & Beck (2004) gives the reader an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the sampling plan.\r\nSample selectionThe framework suggests the selection approach is congruent to the methodology, clearly stated and if sample sizing is clearly stated. It appears that convenience sampling was utilised though this is not clear; Burns & Grove (2003) suggest this approach should be avoided however as it provides the opportunity for bias. Since the sample selection method is ill-defined, it may have been inappropriate, denoting further flaws which affect the remainder of the paper. The sample size is clearly stated however but should have been included in the methodology giving the reader a reference when reading it.\r\n info collectionThe framework asks if the selective information collection procedure s are adequately described. The authors describe the data collection procedure as recorded and analysed. This gives the reader no understanding of how the data was collected, who document it, who interpreted it and where it was stored. This could have implications on the results since there may have been weaknesses in these areas such as the reliability of the collection tools, if the people who recorded and analysis it had training and if there could there be any contamination to the notes.\r\nEthical considerationsThe framework asks if the study involves humanity has the study received ethics committee adulation, if sensible consent was sought, if confidentiality was assured and anonymity guaranteed. Although the study does not directly involve human subject’s research involving personal information relating to human subjects requires the approval of the local ethics committee. (Cormack, 2000)(Royal college of physicians, 1998) The authors make no reference these three good codes so it is unknown if the patients hold to their case notes being tested. This implies no consideration of ethical issues from the authors and questions what other considerations they have overlooked.\r\nResultsAccording to the framework the results should be clearly presented, internally consistent, have satisfactory detail to enable the reader to judge, and asks how much confidence can be placed in the finding. The results that the authors present are unclear and misleading since the first two lines state 227/228 case notes contained bacteria; however it continues to inform that most were â€Å"environmental”. The authors use a circumvent to portray their results which Crooks & Davis (1998) suggests is all that is needed to convey information. However the table appears complex, confusing and impossible to understand; therefore the reader would question the internal consistency. In addition since the results are difficult to interpret the reader can not judge the reliability of the findings.\r\nData analysisThe framework states the approach should be appropriate to the type of data collected, statistical analysis should be correctly performed, should be sufficient analysis to decide whether significant differences are not caused by differences in other relevant variables and if the substitute information is reported. The authors approach was appropriate to the type of data collected since no other approach would be suitable. Nevertheless the researches do not state how they analysed the statistics so the reader can not judge any limitations.\r\nDiscussionThe framework states the handling should be balanced, drawn on previous research, weaknesses of the study acknowledged and clinical implications discussed. The discussion is not balanced since it focus upon the findings of pathogenic bacteria on case notes and subsequently formulates assumptions about MRSA hold out on case notes without research to back this up. It mistily draws upon the only previous research and mentions the result, which contradicts their own findings. No failings or limitations of the study or literature review are recognized implying no review or evaluation of the literature, which, according to Benton & Cormack (2000) is central to the research process. One clinical implication is discussed briefly however the reader should re constituent that the authors have not proved the transmission of bacteria on case notes to HCW’s hands only the potential.\r\nConclusionThe framework asks if the conclusions are back up by the results obtained. The conclusion the authors established was the possibility of transferring bacteria, however since the results are indecipherable it is impossible to determine if the conclusions are supported by the results.\r\nRecommendationThe framework states the recommendations should suggest further areas for research, and identify how any weaknesses in the study formulate could be avoided in future resear ch. There is no suggestion for further research; no weaknesses in the study design mentioned and no recommendations on how issues can be avoided. Therefore the reader believes this paper does not establish contamination from case notes, so is fallible and lacks validity.\r\nApplication to practiceThe Department of Health (2005) states Clinical constitution is the system through which National Health serve up organisations are accountable for continuously improving the forest of their services and safeguarding high standards of care. Elcoat (2000) adds evidence-based practice and evidence-based care for have very strong positions in the Clinical organisation agenda of quality improvement. Evidence-based practice can be defined as using contemporaneous best evidence ensuring actions are clinically appropriate exist effective and result in positive outcomes for patients (Trinder & Reynolds, 2000). Therefore every healthcare team member has to critique evidence, assess its re liability and application before combining it with their own clinical expertise (DePoy & Gitlin, 1998).\r\nBefore knowing how to critique I did not understand why nurses had to review articles and I would have taken them on face value, however since critiquing this article I have realized it is a very important part of my practice and taking articles on face value is unsafe practice. The authors discussed some important issues concerning cross infection and as a termination I have reflected more on cross infection in my clinical area. This leads me to believe that every research paper is of value and has something to give to the reader. However the article will have little opposition on my practice since the recommendation of hand lavation before and after patient contact is already integrated in my breast feeding practice.\r\nReferences\r\nBarrett , S. P. (2005). What’s in the buff in infection control? Medicine print Company,33(3), i-iii. Retrieved July 5, 2006, fr om http://www.atyponlink.com/MPC/doi/abs/10.1383/medc.2005.33.3.iBebbington, A., Parkin, P.A., Chichester, L. J., & Kubiak, E. M. (2003). Patients’case notes: look but don’t touch. Journal of Hospital Infection. 55, (4).\r\nBenton, D., & Cormack, D. (2000). Reviewing and evaluating the literature. In D.\r\nCormack (Ed.). The research process in nursing (4th ed.). Oxford, UK:Blackwell Science.\r\nBeyea. S, Nicoll, L. (1998). Writing an integrative review. Association ofpreoperative Registered Nurses Journal. 67, 4, 877-880.\r\nBurns, N., & Grove, S. (2003). misgiving nursing research (3rd ed.). Philadelphia:SaundersByrne, D. W. (1998). Publishing medical research. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.\r\nCarter, D. & Porter, S. (2000). Validity and reliability. In D. Cormack (Ed.), Theresearch process in nursing (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.\r\nCormack , D. (Ed.). (2000). The research process in nursing (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.\r\nCrookes, P. A., & Davies, S. (Eds.). (2004). Research into practice: essential skills forreading and applying research in nursing and health care. Edinburgh: BaillièreTindall.\r\nCutcliffe, J. R., & Ward, M. (Eds.). (2003). Critiquing nursing research. Wiltshire: M A Healthcare Limited.\r\nDempsey, P., & Dempsey, A. (2000). reasonableness nursing research; process,\r\ncritical appraisal & utilization (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.\r\nDepartment of health. (2001). The Epic come across: developing national evidence-basedguidelines for preventing healthcare associated infections, phase 1: guidelines forpreventing hospital-acquired infections .Journal of Hospital Infections 47 (suppl): S1-82Department of Health. (2005). Clinical government. Retrieved July 12, 2006,fromhttp://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/ClinicalGovernance/fs/enDePoy, E., & Gitlin, L. N. (1998). Introduction to research: un derstanding and applying multiple strategies. Philadelphia: MosbyElcoat, D. (2000). Clinical Governance in action: key issues in clinical effectiveness.\r\nProfessional Nurse.18 (10).\r\nHendry, C., & Farley, A. (1998). Reviewing the literature: a guide for students.\r\n nursing Standard. 12(44).\r\nMunhall, P. L. (2001). Nursing research: a soft perspective (3rd ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.\r\nNursing & Midwifery council. (2004). Code of professional conduct. London: Nursing & Midwifery council.\r\nPeat, J. (2001). Health science research; a handbook of quantitative methods. London: Sage.\r\nParahoo, K. (1997). Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Basingstoke: Macmillan.\r\nTrinder, L., & Reynolds, S. (2000). Evidence-based Practice. A exact Appraisal.\r\n'

'Positive Effects of Breastfeeding: A Proposal\r'

'A great number of babies are innate(p) to every country each year. However, studies show that notwithstanding a minority of stupefys actually breast nourishment their baby, patronage the medical fact that the mother’s take out is the best food for the baby. (Spangler). The alarmingly low measure of breastfeeding mothers cause me concern that perhaps the cause of it is lack of awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding or utter lack of grace for the newborn child. Breastfeeding and its many positive effectuate is an cardinal topic for me because I strongly believe that these effects far outweigh whatever practical moderateness parents may have for choosing the other alternative.Considering that twain mother and child will benefit from breastfeeding, it is hard to speak up why any mother would choose to feed formula milk to her child, except where her milk is shown to be harmful for the baby. (â€Å"Breastfeeding †stovepipe For Baby. Best For Mom”). I a m quite curious as to the possible reasons behind some mothers refusal to breastfeed their child. By sum of this essay, it is hoped that many lessons on breastfeeding and its benefits can be unearthed and communicated, both to existing mothers and women who would be mothers in the future.The essay would primarily be a survey of available lit on the topic, which aims to answer questions relating to the extent of this negative location towards breastfeeding, the complete list of medically proven benefits of breastfeeding on both mother and child, the possible instances where breastfeeding may be harmful to either mother or child, the recommended convey of breastfeeding a child whose mother is incapable or unwilling to breastfeed him, and practical guides on maximising the benefits of breastfeeding.Works Cited Pediatrics 117. 3. 3 March 2006. 11 Feb. 2007 <http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/cgi/ field of study/abstract/117/3/e387>. Spangler, Amy. â€Å"Got â€Å"Enoug h” Breastmilk? ” 2007. 11 Feb. 2007. <http://www. breastfeeding. com/reading_room/enough. hypertext mark-up language>. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Breastfeeding †Best For Baby. Best For Mom. ” 11 Feb. 2007 <http://www. 4woman. gov/breastfeeding/index. cfm? page=home>.\r\n'

'BMW vs Mercedes Essay\r'

'Bayerische travelen Werke AG\r\nBayerische motoren Werke AG ( English: Bavarian Motor Works), comm wholly known asBMW or BMW AG, is a German simple machine, rack and locomotive locomotive manufacturing phoner founded in 1916. BMW is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Ger umpteen. It also owns and produces Mini automobiles, and is the p bent company ofRolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces cycles under BMW Motorrad. In 2012, the BMW conclave produced 1,845,186 automobiles and 117,109 motorcycles crosswise all of its stigmas. BMW is part of the â€Å"German spacious 3” high cable gondolariage automakers, along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz, which are the leash dress hat- swaping luxury automakers in the humankind.\r\nHistory\r\nBMW was complete as a flockiness entity follo take ong a residueructuring of the Rapp Motorenwerke aircraft manufacturing firm in 1917. After the end of World War I in 1918, BMW was forced to cease aircraft-engine outturn by the terms of theVersailles Armistice Treaty.[5] The company consequently shifted to motorcycle production in 1923, formerly the restrictions of the treaty started to be lifted,[6] followed by automobiles in 1928â€29.[7][8][9] The motility approximately car which BMW undefeatedly produced and the car which launched BMW on the road to automobile production was the Dixi, it was ground on the Austin 7 and authorise from the Austin Motor Company in Birmingham, England. BMW’s first signifi flush toilett aircraft engine was the BMW IIIa inline-six naiant-cooled engine of 1918, practically preferred for its high-altitude per anatomyance.[10] With German rearmament in the 1930s, the company again began producing aircraft engines for theLuftwaffe. Among its boffo World War II engine designs were the BMW 132 and BMW 801 air-cooled radial engines, and the pi aceering BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet, which powered the tiny, 1944â€1945â€era jet-powered â€Å" compulsion fighter†, theHeinkel He 162 Spatz. The BMW 003 jet engine was tried and true in the A-1b version of the world’s first jet fighter, theMesserschmitt Me 262, precisely BMW engines failed on takeoff, a major setback for the Emergency Fighter Program until undefeated testing with Junkers engines.[11][12] Towards the end of the Third Reich BMW developed around military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe, the BMW Strahlbomber, the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljäger, still none of them were built.[13][14] By the course of instruction 1959, the self-propelled division of BMW was in financial difficulties and a shareholders brush was held to decide whether to go into liquidation or find a way of stock uping on. It was decided to carry on and to try to cash in on the current economy car boom enjoyed so successfully by nearly of Germany’s ex-aircraft manufacturers such as Messerschmitt andHeinkel. The rights to manufacture the Italian Iso Isetta were bought; the tiny cars themselves were to be powered by a modified form of BMW’s own motorcycle engine. This was moderately successful and helped the company get back on its feet. The absolute majority shareholder of the BMW Aktiengesellschaft since 1959 is the Quandt family, which owns about 46% of the stock. The rest is in humankind float.\r\nMercedes-Benz\r\nMercedes-Benz (German pronunciation: [mɛʁˈtÍ¡seːdÉ™s ˈbÉ›ntÍ¡s]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. The notice is roled for luxury automobiles, autobuses, coaches, and motortrucks. Mercedes-Benz is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz but traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft’s 1901Mercedes and to Karl Benz’s 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile. Mercedes-Benz’s slogan is â€Å"Das Beste od er nichts” (English: â€Å"The scoop out or no topic”). Mercedes-Benz is part of the â€Å"German Big 3” luxury automakers, along with Audi and BMW, which are the shell interchange luxury automakers in the world.\r\nKarl Benz in Mannheim, Germany make the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz’s creation of the first throttle-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed byBertha Benz[3] and procure in January 1886,[4] and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach’s conversion of a actcoach by the addition of a petrol engine later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, chase the merger of Karl Benz’s and Gottlieb Daimler’s companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[1][4] passim the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 7 70 model, a car that was popular during Germany’s Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have drivingn these cars during his time in power, with bulletproofwindshields. Most of the surviving models have been exchange at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on vaunting at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technical and safety foundings that later became common in separate vehicles.[5] Mercedes-Benz is one of the best known and established automotive brands in the world, and is also one of the world’s oldest automotive brand still in existence today in 2014, having produced the first petrol-powered car.[6] For information relating to the celebrated three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz.\r\n output MIX OF BMW\r\nBMW is one of the preeminent luxury car manufacturers in Europe, North America, and the world today. BMW produces several lines of car s, including the 3 series, the 5 series, the 7 series, the Z line (driven by Pierce Brosnan as James get in Goldeneye), and the clean X line, BMW’s â€Å"sport activeness” vehicle line. In addition, BMW is now selling Rovers, a British car line anchored by the internationally popular Land Rover sport public-service corporation vehicle, and go away begin selling Rolls Royce vehicles in 2003. gross sales of all the BMW, Rover, and Land Rover vehicles have been on the rise globally. High-profile image c angstromaigns (such as the James Bond progress) and the award-winning BMW website (where users can design their own car) come on to enlarge the popularity of BMW’s products. PRODUCT LIFE bike BMW cars typically have a product life cycle of seven historic period.\r\nMotorcycles\r\nBMW began production of motorcycle engines and hence(prenominal) motorcycles after World War I.[23] Its motorcycle brand is now known as BMW Motorrad. Their first successful mo torcycle, after the failed Helios and Flink, was the â€Å"R32” in 1923. This had a â€Å"boxer” tally engine, in which a cylinder projects into the air-flow from apiece array of the machine. Apart from their single-cylinder models ( staple fiberally to the same pattern), all their motorcycles apply this typical layout until the early 1980s. Many BMWs are still produced in this layout, which is designated the R serial publication. During the Second World War, BMW produced the BMW R75 motorcycle with a sidecar attached. Having a unique design copied from the Zündapp KS750, its sidecar wheel was also motor-driven. Combined with a lockable differential, this made the vehicle very capable off-road, an equivalent in many ways to the Jeep. In 1982, came the K Series, shaft drive but water-cooled and with either three or four cylinders mounted in a consecutive line from front to back. Shortly after, BMW also started fashioning the chain-driven F and G series with si ngle and pair twin Rotaxengines. In the early 1990s, BMW updated the airhead Boxer engine which became known as the oilhead. In 2002, the oilhead engine had both spark plugs per cylinder. In 2004 it added a built-in poise shaft, an increased capacity to 1,170 cc and enhanced action to 100 hp (75 kW) for the R1200GS, compared to 85 hp (63 kW) of the preliminary R1150GS. More powerful variants of the oilhead engines are operable in the R1100S and R1200S, producing 98 hp (73 kW) and 122 hp (91 kW), respectively. BMW introduced anti-lock brakes on production motorcycles get-go in the late 1980s. The contemporaries of anti-lock brakes available on the 2006 and later BMW motorcycles pave the way for the introduction of electronic stability control, or anti-skid technology later in the 2007 model year.\r\nAutomobiles\r\nThe immature fall apart (German: Neue Klasse) was a line of compact pubs and coupes starting with the 1962 1500 and continuing done the last 2002s in 1977. ply by BMW’s celebrated four-cylinder M10 engine, the New home models had a fully independent suspension, MacPherson struts in front, and front disc brakes. Initially a family of four-door gin mills and two-door coupes, the New disunite line was broadened to two-door sports sedans with the addition of the 02 Series1600 and 2002 in 1966. Sharing atomic in common with the rest of the line beyond power train, the sporty siblings caught auto enthusiasts’ attention and established BMW as an international brand. Precursors to the famed BMW 3 Series, the two-doors’ success cemented the firm’s future as an velocity tier performance car maker. New Class four-doors with numbers ending in â€Å"0” were replaced by the larger BMW 5 Series in 1972. The upmarket 2000C and 2000CS coupes were replaced by the six-cylinder BMW E9, introduced in 1969 with the 2800CS. The 1600 two-door was discontinued in 1975, and the 2002 was replaced by the 320i in 1975. The 1 S eries, originally launched in 2004, is BMW’s smallest car. Currently available are the second generation hatchback (F20) and first generation coupe/convertible (E82/E88). The 3 Series, a compact executive car make since model year 1975, is currently in its ordinal generation (F30); models involve the sport sedan (F30), and quaternate generation displace wagon (F30), and convertible (E93), and the naan Turismo. In 2014, the 4 Series will be released and replace the 3 Series Coupe and Convertible. The 5 Series is a mid-size executive car, available in sedan (F10) and station wagon (F11) forms. The 5 Series gran Turismo (F07), which debuted in 2010, created a segment between station wagons and crossover SUV.[24] BMW’s full-size flagship executive sedan is the 7 Series. Typically, BMW introduces many of their innovations first in the 7 Series, such as the iDrive system. The 7 Series Hydrogen, having one of the world’s first hydrogen furnish internal combusti on engines, is give the axeed by liquid hydrogen and emits only clean water vapor. The modish generation (F01) debuted in 2009. Based on the 5 Series’ platform, the 6 Series is BMW’s sniffy touring luxury sport coupe/convertible (F12/F13). A 2-seater roadsterand coupe which succeeded the Z3, the Z4 has been sold since 2002.\r\nMotorsport\r\nBMW has been restraind in motorsport activities since the dawn of the first BMW motorcycle in 1923. BMW has a history of success in Formula One. BMW powered cars have won 20 races. In 2006 BMW took over the Sauberteam and became Formula One constructors. In 2007 and 2008 the team enjoyed some success. The most recent win is a lone constructor team’s victory by BMW Sauber F1 Team, on 8 June 2008, at the Canadian Grand Prix with Robert Kubicadriving. BMW was an engine supplier to Williams, Benetton, Brabham, and Arrows. guiding light drivers who have started their Formula One careers with BMW include Jenson Button, Juan Pa blo Montoya, Robert Kubica and Sebastian Vettel. In July 2009, BMW announced that it would withdraw from Formula One at the end of the 2009 date.[27] The team was sold back to the preceding owner, Peter Sauber, who kept the BMW part of the name for the 2010 season due to issues with theConcorde Agreement. The team has since dropped BMW from their name starting in 2011.\r\nPublic Relations\r\nEffective public transaction need to play an integral part in BMW selling strategy. It is important for BMW to bear regular stir with all organisational stakeholders with the use of various marketing colloquy carry. Specifically, communication channels used in public relations include, but not limited to online press releases, annual reports, speeches, and seminars. As part of their corporate loving responsibility initiatives BMW management is also recommended to increase the train of its association with local charities in the UK such as Oxfam, NSPCC, or Cancer Research UK. Moreover , BMW management can initiate the development of identity magazine of the BMW concourse which can cover the latest curls and stark nakeds in local and global automobile industry and at the same time serve as an trenchant channel to communicate the marketing message to the intention customer segment.\r\nAdvertising\r\nAdvertising can be defined as â€Å"the activity or avocation of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial-grade products or go” (Business Dictionary, 2013, online). BMW is recommended to be communicating its marketing message to soft touch customer segment on the basis of development a set of advertising channels. Specifically, engagement in print and broadcast advertisement th pebbly channels popular amongst BMW head customer segment require to be adopted as one of the cores of the marketing strategy. Advertising banners need to be displayed in locations in London frequently attended by BMW target customer segment such as canary y ellow Wharf and City. Moreover, BMW marketing team is recommended to be change the superior of point-of-sales advertising through supplying audio, word-painting and image materials that motivate salon visitors to commit to the purchase.\r\ngross revenue Promotion\r\nSales promotion involves offering short-run incentives for potential customers to commit to the purchase of products and services. BMW company is recommended to use sales promotion in the UK market in an occasional manner in order to increase the levels of revenues for short-term perspectives. For example, 100th anniversary of BMW on border 7, 2013 can be specified as an trance occasion to announce 10% sales promotion for all BMW models. However, it is important to note that BMW needs to engage in sales promotions in the UK market only in an occasional manner, no more than once a year, because using sales promotion more frequently may cause depreciation of BMW allowance brand harbor.\r\nPRICING STRATEGY\r\nThe prices of BMW root are based on a differentiated strategy. This mean that they charge extra for agio quality. This difference in prices is due to each cars different engine size, gear mechanism levels, fuel consumption, sports version.\r\nThe determine strategy that the BMW Group adopts is based on several key trends. One most important trend of BMW is labeled as â€Å"premium-tization”. Premium-tization trend of BMW causes polarization of markets. This trend triggers the consumers to demand and pay a great deal higher prices for the perceived quality.\r\n arise ANALYSIS OF BMW sort\r\nA SWOT analysis will be used to see the various Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the BMW Group. Strengths:\r\nStrong marketing strategy.\r\nCustomers recognize the strong brand name of BMW Group Company. Strong brand image i.e. BMW, miniskirt make and Rolls Royce.\r\nEvery 2 to 3 years BMW introduces its late version of cars i.e. constant innovation and technology. Weaknesses:\r\nThere is an increase number of duplicate spare parts of BMW and MINI Cooper. The manufacturing costs of BMW cars are very high as compared to its competitors. This is also a reason for high pricing of BMW cars. Not a mass market company like Toyota and their volumes are small.\r\nOpportunities\r\nThere is an opportunity for BMW Group to increase further innovation and technology in their cars due to increasing ambition in car industry. BMW Group should also look to make new collaboration with other car manufacturers i.e. introducing new brands. BMW Group should also look to produce cheaper cars by new innovation and technology. Expansion of the BMW Group in Asia Pacific, Asia, Africa and Australia.\r\nThreats\r\n nook which has affected businesses in every part of the world. To maintain the same level of innovation and performance. The growing competition in the automobile industry i.e. competitors of BMW Group include Mercedes, Audi, Jaguar, Ford, Lexus. The earning s of the BMW Group are Dollar dominated, so the increasing strength of Euro is another threat for the company.\r\n dispersion CHANNEL\r\nBMW lash focuses on strengthening the dialog with customers and visitors by showing a wide throw away of BMW cars and motorcycles, and providing vehicle distribution, particularly the creation of a supernumerary experience with regards to customer collection of an ordered vehicle. BMW Welt also offers shops with BMW auxiliary products, as well as a fully serviced gastronomic restaurant. In the meeting forum, BMW Welt offers conference rooms and the opportunity to stage media events. The building often houses exhibitions related to new BMW models and, since 2012, other BMW Group brands such as Mini and Rolls-Royce BMW plans a new distribution system for the 5-series sedan that will keep some of the vehicles allocated to dealerships in one of three locations around the country. The distribution system would give dealers pools of cars in three loc ations, said Miles. Rather than ship each dealership’s total monthly parcelling to the store, some of the cars will be kept at BMW processing facilities on both coasts and in the South. â€Å"The basic principle is to make more of the inventory that exists available to sell and to reduce the dealers’ floorplan cost,”\r\nMERCEDES PRODUCT RANGE VANS\r\nMercedes-Benz Vans sets standards through perfection and meticulous attention to detail. Ground-breaking innovations and excellent value retention are decisive for the brand’s success. With its broad spectrum of offers the brand can really tally points with the customer.The Mercedes-Benz Vans product spectrum includes vans, MPVs and camper vans for private and commercial use. Mercedes-Benz Vans stands for sustainable technologies. In particular the new Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, introduced in the skip over of 2013, was equipped with technologies that make it even more economical and environmentally compatibl e. Whether for a private or commercial customer †Mercedes-Benz Vans is focused on customisation according to the customer’s needs. Although each customer is different, one thing applies to all in the same measure: Mercedes-Benz Vans delivers the best possible solution.\r\nTRUCKS\r\nAs part of the Daimler Trucks division, Mercedes-Benz Trucks has been a certification of premium quality for over 100 years now. It stands not only for reliability and economic efficiency, but also for first-class product and service quality and large expertise in the area of customer-oriented commit solutions. The high standard of quality applies equally to our Actros, Arocs, Axor, Antos and Atego truck series and to special-purpose vehicles from Mercedes-Benz Trucks. The latter include the Mercedes-Benz Econic and the legendary Unimog, for example. Our comprehensive range is rounded off by the Mercedes-Benz Zetros, which has been knowing as an off-road truck for deployment in extremely r ough terrain.\r\nBUSES\r\nThe world’s first motorised bus was built in Germany by Karl Benz in 1895, some years before Gottlieb Daimler also started to build and sell buses in Germany as well. By 1898 both Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, then rivals, were exporting their buses to Wales and England. Soon Daimler products were sold in the British Empire in a partnership with the British company Milnes. Milnes-Daimler developed a double-decker in 1902 and provided a bus for the first motorised bus service in the United Kingdom the following year. Though the company met success in selling buses throughout the British Empire, the partnership between Daimler and Milnes had to be undone due to the First World War.\r\nCARS\r\nMercedes-Benz carries a full range of passenger, light commercial and ponderous commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in tenfold countries worldwide. The Smart marque of city cars and Maybach luxury cars are also produced by Daimler AG. Between 2003 and 2009, Mercedes-Benz produced a limited-production sports car with McLaren Cars. The resulting Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren was an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One step on it team, which was then part owned by Mercedes.\r\nSWOT ANALYSIS OF MERCEDES\r\nStrength:\r\n1. Mercedes Benz has a strong brand value and global leader in premium cars 2.\r\nLack of capital constraints\r\n3. Leader in innovation i.e. 1st to introduce diesel engines, fuel guesswork and anti locking brakes\r\n4. More than $12bn allocated for R&D\r\n5. Strong presence in motor sport under McLaren Mercedes\r\n6. Manufactured and assembled in over 20 countries across the world\r\n7. Mercedes holds patents on the majority of safety features Weakness\r\n8. High care cost of Mercedes Benz cars\r\nOpportunity:\r\n1. Developing hybrid cars and fuel efficient cars for the future\r\n2. Tapping emerging markets across the world and building a glo bal brand\r\n3. firm growing luxury automobile market & increased income\r\nThreats:\r\n1. Government policies for the automobile sector across the world\r\n2. Ever increasing fuel prices\r\n3. consuming competition from global automobile brands\r\n'