Electricity From Municipal Solid Waste Of Lahore Environmental Sciences Essay

Electri urban center From municipal satisfying go beat on Of Lahore environmental Sciences EssayThis explore is swinishd on employment of electric get-up-and-go from Municipal secure use up of Lahore. distinguishable studies fall in been through with(p) in existence to find pop low make up method for the turnout of electrical free elan vital. This explore is considered useful to compile results of this account and comp ar them with be of electrical energy achievement from other nada authors. The comparison cornerstone consequently be utilize to provide a correct perspective of the economic and environmental aspects of the contrary means of issue of electricity. In this query turnout of electricity was by means of incineration of municipal squ be(p) risky of Lahore. The primal data regarding ravage parade, dose and wariness of godforsaken was collected from divers(prenominal) local municipal drop precaution governance and Lahore compo st limited. lower-ranking data concerning procedure for the output of electricity from the MSW and the prices of machinery and equipment was self-possessed by consultation of belles-lettres in opposite libraries, from the published temporal by different concerned establishments and cost compend done by different organization like IAEA.Pakistan is a developing inelegant, it is currently face many occupations and among these is electricity and tempestuous worry. Lahore is capital of Punjab and has a universe of approximately 10 gazillion. Its current municipal chase a panache caution and establishment system is the reason for its quickly deteriorating gaga problems. About 4500 oodles/day of municipal solid ravage out of a follow 5800 tons/day is collected at five different subvertfill identify of Lahore. Primarily business, household and commercial eat up are collected and given up of by burying in landfills site. Most of this raging is without any sorting .This query is based on intersection of electricity from Municipal solid Waste of Lahore. Different studies cast been done in initiation to find out low cost method for the production of electricity. This interrogation is considered useful to collect results of this weigh and mucklevas them with cost of electricity production from other cogency credits. The comparison offer then be utilize to provide a correct perspective of the economic and environmental aspects of the different means of production of electricity. In this research production of electricity was done incineration of municipal solid bolt out of Lahore. The primary data regarding neutralize appeal, transferral and precaution of decompose was collected from different local municipal angry heed authorities and Lahore compost limited. secondary data concerning procedure for the production of electricity from the MSW and the prices of machinery and equipment was ga in that locationd by consultation o f literature in different libraries, from the published somatic by different concerned establishments and cost analysis done by different organization like IAEA.The objective of this research is to find whether electricity production from MSW of Lahore can be apply as an alternative stemma of electricity production with addition environment and neighborly benefit. Following are the targets for research.Utilization of MSW to generate postcodeFind feasibility for using MSW as source of electricity productionReduction of MSWReduction of environmental and tender problems at the disposal siteImprovement of MSW management services.Background of the payoffEnergy is very important for the socioeconomic phylogenesis of any country and is in any case considered as lifeline of the economy.it is necessary for lightening our cities, berth our vehicles and to go through and through machinery in factory and industrial units etc. Demand for nil is change magnitude on daily basis due to annex in population and development of industries save supply of muscularity is non increasing with the analogous rate because of which a bottle neck is created in the supply of energy which is causing energy crisis in Pakistan. Pakistans energy infrastructure is not s intimately up veritable, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic harvest-tide and uprise energy require during past decade, no serious efforts have been make to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid posit growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, cause theft, and seasonal reducings in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shut take down.During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a ebb of 0.64 % and 3.09 % wish ively in comparison to previous year.Pakistan hold around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to take inulate well-nigh 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the countryMany years have passed since the electricity production from violent was welcomed as cheap source of electricity production in the world. tho the main motivation for this program is to provide an affordable and secure source of electricity both for the short and long depot. The cost at which electricity can be provided is a highly important issue. For many years, the recounting costs of different methods of electricity generation have been estimated and compared by a wide range of organizations in order to develop a right(a) perspective.The history of producing of electricity from incineration of solid lay decompose tos in Pakistan is not very old. thither was no purpose of pr oducing electricity from bobble for a long cartridge clip period after creation of Pakistan. Initially it started at some lucre mills that started this activity by burning of ice lolly cane bagasse that is thready scratch off left after extraction of sugar cane succus from sugar cane. This cloth is normally used as a enkindle for supplying of passionateness in multiple effect evaporators applied for the stringency of clarified sugar cane juice to elevate crystalline sugar an in the manufacture of pulp and newsprint in some paper mills. It has turned out to be an economical practice. Many mills these long time are applying it to bring out electricity for their local needinesss. It is interesting that some are producing electricity not nevertheless for their own needs but as well are selling surplus to the national grid.Importance of the study with respect to the worldWorld energy resources are depleting very quickly and demand for energy is increasing with the develo pment. Now world is searching for alternative sources of energy to continue development and save resources for our future generations. With decreasing resources cost of energy is increasing and its important to have a bun in the oven for alternatives that are cheap in term of cost and economically feasible.Waste is an important topic in either country. The mensuration of waste produced has strongly grown in the last decades and continues to do so. Further, the treatment of waste has strong impacts on the environment as well as on the health status of the population. The yet sustainable centering for waste management is to castrate its tot through prevention, reuse and cycle of materials. Waste can be seen as a sign of in dexterity. The less(prenominal) efficiency the more than(prenominal) waste. Inefficiency combined with continuous waste growth, means depleting earths material resources. The resources on earth are limited. In order to preserve them for our future(a) gen erations they deserve to be used efficiently. More waste means more treatment. Nearly all waste treatments have emissions. These emissions result in impacts on human health and environment. In heavily populated regions, it becomes steadily more difficult to find space for disposal sites. Also cost of prayer and treatment of waste is increasing so we need to utilize the waste in such a way that it can give us some return to cover these costs.Electricity is very important for world to develop and go on. It has not only made our lives easier but to a fault provided safety. Different organizations in world are trying to find out cost effective sources of producing electricity and production of electricity from waste is one preference under consideration. For whole world it is a cost effective and environmental friendly source of energy which can help in reduction of atomic number 6 dioxide and GHG emission for mankind. Although some other options like electricity from atomic are co nsidered cheapest source of electricity but these are quickly breakneck too in case of any natural disaster example of recent days is catastrophe of Japans nuclear reactors which has left man to believe is it wise to generate energy at the cost of mankind or our earth. action of electricity from MSW would be less catastrophic as compare to atomic or other resources.Importance of study with respect to Pakistan population of Pakistan is increasing day by day and the demand of electricity is to a fault increasing due to the increasing consumption. Electricity Crisis is the prime issue in Pakistan which has, more or less, affected all sectors of Pakistans machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, threat of energy crisis can be overcome by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. One of their options can be flavor for altern ative source of producing electricity like production of electricity from MSW. Its a new entity in power generation during last 1-2 decades. It is a cheap resource in many shipway for man which needs less infrastructure, cost and resources. Moreover it is a renewable source of energy which leave alone put no stress on our natural resources and these biofuel resources can be preserved for future generations. It willing help in coming upon the need of local farmers by fertilizers production. It will create job opportunities which will help to eliminate poverty from Pakistan. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the heap of Pakistan, to utilize the usable energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country.A typical solid waste management system in our country displays an array of problems, including low collection coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air and water system taint control. These public health, environmental, and management problems are caused by various factors which constrain the development of effective solid waste management systems. This research can be used as to prevent from waste by reusing the waste for production of electricity. This serve well will lead to less GHG and acidic gases emission. Much indispensable land used for dumping this everyday waste can be used for other purposes. It will also help in facilitating the municipal corporation, restaurants and other commercial producers of waste in managing waste and efficient collection of municipal waste will lead to clear environment and goodish society.Municipal solid WasteDefinitionMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW) is defined as waste collected by a municipality. It concerns waste from households (82 % of total MSW), small business, office buildings and institutions such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, waste from parks and street cleaning (Eurostat, 2003, pp. 16).Municipal solid waste, also called trash, garbage, scraps and rubbish, is the stuff we throw away every day. In our trash are everyday items such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspaper, appliances, and batteries that we dont need any more. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated by people and by businesses. Not counted as MSW are other discarded materials such as construction and demolition debris, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, and non-hazardous industrial wastes. Although these materials much end up in landfills.Figure depicts the composition of MSW.The yearly amount of MSW collected in Lahore is 1,642,500 tons/year. That is 4500tons/day.Municipal Solid Waste managementMany researchers believe waste can be viewed as an denotation of inefficiency. If inefficiency continues with waste that mean earth material resources are draining. We already have limited resources so we need to look for alternatives that can help us in preserving these resourc es for our future generations. No waste is not possible so we need to find a solution which can maintain it to a sustainable level. If we want to reduce waste amount heavily it cannot be done unless we compromise our comfort of biography. Also only reducing waste will not solve our issues its a complex problem can only be solved if we are considering many options.There are a number of methods of solid waste disposal. Many countries have adopt Waste management hierarchy to maintain waste to a sustainable level.Following directives have been given to European states for their waste management. (Eurostat, 2003, p85 www.europa.eu.int).The waste management hierarchy Prevention, re-use, recycling and recuperation of energy and materials get priority. pattern of exceed Available Technology (BAT) disposal facilities essential be equipped with the topper available engineering. The BAT is selected on technological, environmental and economic criteria.Principle of law of proximity Waste m ust be treated as close as possible to the place of production or collection.Principle of Self-sufficiency every member state, every community is responsible of its own waste.Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) Waste disposal facilities must not be paid by tax payers money, but by the polluter.Following are some MSW management optionsPreventionIts first option for waste management authorities because it has no harmful effect to the preservation of resources, environment and has no cost associated with it.It is also called source reduction because it eliminates pollution at the sources.RecyclingRecycling is military operation in which waste is changed to a valuable resource that can be used for financial, environmental and social benefits. It prevents the emission of many babys room gases and water pollutants. It also come burden from natural resources. It saves energy necessary to produce new materials.CompostingIn this method primitive matter is mortified down through uncontrolled a naerobic emergencees, releasing all produced methane into the atmosphere. There are no adept and investment barriers to this option. It is a feasible option but with severe environmental consequences.IncinerationThe reduction in available land for landfill and the suppuration amount of garbage have become a major problem for many municipalities. wherefore incineration has become a solution for this problem, reducing importantly the volume of waste. Despite this advantage, Municipal Waste Incineration has many environmental problems that need to be overcome before using incineration processes as the major waste management option.Land-filling Sanitary landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of disposal, but only if commensurate land is within economic range of the source of the wastes typically, collection and stationation account for 75 percent of the total cost of solid waste management. Gases are generated in landfills through anaerobic decomposition of thorough solid wa ste. If a world-shattering amount of methane is present, it may be explosive right venting eliminates this problem. The methane produced in the landfills is an excellent fuel. If can be collected through the pipes and subsequently supplied for producing fondness, electricity and light. look for Question unoriginal research in this topic show that there is a very limited research done on the ways of producing electricity from different alternative resources. When we look at the condition of Pakistan, we are facing with a lot of energy crisis and a lot of work in required in looking for alternative ways of producing electricity. So my research question is Is production of electricity from municipal solid waste of Lahore financially feasible?Literature polish upFaaij , A. et al. (1997) in this study the technical feasibility and the economic and environmental execution of instrument of atmospheric gasification of biomass wastes and residues integrated with a combined cycle for ele ctricity production are investi approachd for Dutch conditions. Both tributary and primary sources were used. Secondary source used were previous studies done on gasification of biomass waste and primary running play was done in which the system selected for study is an atmospheric circulating fluidized sleep with gasifier-combined cycle (ACFBCC) seed down based on the General Electric LM 2500 gas turbine and atmospheric gasification technology, including flue gas drying and low-temperature gas cleaning. The results of study shows that the kWh costs are very sensitive to the system efficiency but only slightly sensitive to transport distance this is an argument in privilege of large power-scale plants. As a waste treatment option the concept seems very promising. There seem to be no fundamental technical and economic barriers that can hamper implementation of this technology.Mark H. et al.(2002) examined the recovery of energy by pre-processing the combustible components of M SW and using them as a fuel in a properly designed combustion reactor and thermoelectric plant to generate electricity and process steam. entropy was collected using secondary sources. Secondary source used were the condition on waste management from which author abstracted data. They concludes in his study that waste minimization by means of better design of products and packaging is highly desirable. Also, the best way of managing municipal solid wastes is by recovering recyclable materials. The results of this study also indicate that energy recovery from MSW can reduce considerably the amount of land consigned annually to landfilling and also decrease to a small terminus dependence on fossil fuels.Murphy J and McKeogh E. (2003) have done technical, economic and environmental analysis of energy production from MSW. In this article Primary research was done in order to quantify the MSW and Secondary research was done to find out the four technologies which produce energy from m unicipal solid waste. They explained that residual components of MSW are incinerated producing electricity at an efficiency of 20% and thermal products at an efficiency of 55%. They further explained in his article that gasification produces more electricity than incineration but it requires a smaller gate fee than incineration and when thermal product is not utilized generates less greenhouse gas per KWh than incineration. Both biogas technologies require significantly less investment costs than the thermal conversion technologies (incineration and gasification) and have smaller gate fees. Of the four technologies investigated transport fuel production requires the least gate fee.Dubois M. et al. (2004) carried out a study on municipal solid waste treatment in the European Union. This study goes through most of the available techniques related to disposal of waste, as well as the environmental and health impacts created by them and different ways of treating municipal solid waste Recycling, composting, incineration and land filling. Secondary sources are used for collecting data about the municipal solid waste treatment and for its quantification. The researchers defined Municipal Solid Waste Management as the generation, separation, collection, transfer, loony toons and disposal of waste in a way that takes into account different parameters, such as public health, economics, environment, conservation, and aesthetics and is responsive to public demands. They inform that yearly amount of MSW collected in Western Europe was 210 million tons/year. The authors recommended that Principle of Best Available Technology (BAT) disposal facilities must be equipped with the best available technology. The BAT is selected on technological, environmental and economic criteria and Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) must be strictly followed. In response, landfill directive was introduced which aimed at prevention or reduction of negative impacts of land filling on the environm ent and health. The waste prevention is the highest priority in EU. The study indicates that the major stress in European Union is on recycling and minor on its disposal by incineration to produce electricity. And in the end it concludes that only sustainable way for waste management is to reduce its amount through prevention, reuse and recycle of materials.Renbi B and Sutanto M. (2000) reviewed the practices and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore. This article gives an overview of current solid waste management situation and provides a brief discussion of the future challenges. Due to the rapid industrialization and economic development there is a tremendous make up in solid waste generation in Singapore. The solid waste incineration has been identified as management saw that land is extremely scarce. Therefore solid waste incineration has been identified as the most preferred disposal method.Barry, F (Barry, 1973) has done a study on waste heat utilization. In this article, different sources of waste heat have been discussed. Uses of waste heat in closed-agriculture offer a way to use thermal discharges from power plants and industrial processes. The use of waste heat in aquaculture is highly possessive. on with development, some technological problems have been highlighted.Ernst B (Ernst, 1996) carried out study on clean fuels from municipal solid waste for fuel buses in metropolitan athletic fields. In this case he explained that due to increasing MSW, costs of landfills are increasing day by day. So he gave an idea that MSW can be used for production of fuel which can be very cost efficient. He compared different costs and shown that production of fuel form MSW is most convenient and cost efficient way.Kagawa S. et al. (1999) undertook a study which aimed at the utilization of low temperature thermal energy. Both primary and secondary sources were used. Secondary source used were the articles on utilizing waste to produce thermoelectrici ty. Primary research was done by an experiment in which a thermoelectric reservoir was applied to a municipal solid waste incinerator. Oil was used on the hot side as the heat transfer mediocre and water was used on the cold side. A running test was passed out with 22 times on/off heat cycles. The operate time was 115 hours. No significant degradation of the thermoelectric module was observed throughout the test period.Judith D. et al. (1965) emphasizes in his article that thermal power is one of the key element which lead towards the economic development. That is why technology should be effectively managed, as it is going to save ones resources. He compares the thermal power with the hydroelectric and makes the hydroelectric superior over the thermal in contributing to the economic development.Sufian M and Bala B,k carried out a study on modeling of electrical recovery from urban solid waste system. Data was collected from Dhaka City Corporation .They took the case of Dhaka cit y in which he described that the percentage of total electricity demand supplied from solid waste decreases with time. However MSW could still supply a significant electricity demand of Dhaka. So adoption of a policy for electrical recovery from urban solid waste of Dhaka should be inflict by the economies and the environmental implications.Thomas S (Thomas, 1993) has studied the energy resources of India and explains their underdevelopment in terms of lack of energy resources. He further says that alternative resources should be used to cover the problem of scarce resources in India. Inefficiency of production and dissemination is one of the reason which gave rise the problem of scarce resources.MethodologyResearch TypeQualitative data will be acquired from a commingle of primary and secondary data. The focus would be on secondary research along with analysis of in-depth interviews conducted of Lahore compost limited (a private limited society set up to operate compositing faci lities) representatives.Data Type and Research period of timeBoth primary and secondary data will be gathered. The primary data will be collected through in-depth interviews. Interviews from Waste management authorities will be based upon collection procedure, quantity and character of solid waste. Secondary data will be about production of electric power from solid waste. Secondary data will be cross sectional.Sources of Primary DataDifferent sources of data that supplied information about the solid waste includeLahore Compost LimitedLahore Urban social unitLahore Waste Management CompanyCity District Government Lahore.Sources of Secondary DataThe secondary data will be collected from literature in different libraries and published material by different people who have recently done work in this field and by reading various articles on Internet.Dependent VariableElectricity Production strong-minded VariablesBiodegradable waste reusablematerialInertwaste heterogeneous wastes domes ticatedhazardous wastetoxic waste operative DefinitionsBiodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms. Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. useful material recyclable waste or materials can be processed and used again. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics.Inert waste Inert waste is waste which is neither chemically or biologically reactive and will not decompose. Examples of this are sand, drywall, and concrete. This has particular relevance to landfills as inert waste typically requires lower disposal fees than biodegradable waste or hazardous waste. coordination compound wastes Composite waste material is a product of material waste such as vegetable waste, plant waste, dung s, food product, waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste Leftover household products that reserve corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients are considered to be household hazardous waste or HHW. Products, such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides that contain potentially hazardous ingredients require special care when you dispose of them. affinity between variables There is a positive relationship between the Independent variables and dependent variables. As with the increase in independent variables which are our types of municipal solid waste there will be an increase in total quantity of MSW. So with the greater quantity of MSW we can produce more and more of steam and fuel gasses which can further produce higher quantity of electricity for us.Research HypothesesThe following hypotheses were developed to study the relationship of the variablesHypothesis1H0 increase in Biodegradable waste will not i ncrease quantity of electricity produced.H1 increase in Biodegradable waste will increase quantity of electricity produced.Hypothesis2H0 decrease in Recyclable material will not decrease quantity of electricity produced.H1 decrease in Recyclable material will increase quantity of electricity produced.Hypothesis3H0 increase in Inert waste will not increase quantity of electricity produced.H1 increase in Inert waste will increase quantity of electricity produced.Hypothesis4H0 decrease in Composite wastes will not decrease quantity of electricity produced.H1 decrease in Composite wastes will decrease quantity of electricity produced.Hypothesis5H0 increase in Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste will not increase quantity of electricity produced.H1 increase in Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste will increase quantity of electricity produced.Techniques woo analysis will be done by using NPV technique. move power generation will be used in production model through gas insertion at it has low gate fee.Process used for production of electricityDifferent plants are developed in order to increase the efficiency of electricity production from waste. The process and plant we will be using is of REIs Recovered Energy remains developed by PIAENERGY. (http//www.piaenergy.com)Process Flow DescriptionThe following is a description of REIs Recovered Energy System process for transforming Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) into energy and useable by-products. The process can be broken down into four sub-systems material handling, thermal transformation or plasma gasification, gas clean up, and steam and energy production. A flow draw is shown at the end.Material HandlingThe incoming waste is weighed in and then deposited on the tipping floor from any of the trucks currently in use that pick-up and or transfer MSW. No tedious sorting or handling is needed. The only separation that is required will be large oversized pieces that riding habit fit into the shredder, heavy metal it ems like engines that may slow down the shredder or items that need special pre-processing. Hazardous waste and medical waste are handled separately and not co-mingled with normal waste.The system is designed to process waste as quickly as possible. During delivery hours the waste is delivered hurrying than it can be gasified. Part of the waste is stored for processing at darkness and on weekends and holidays. Any oversized material is shredded and then conveyed to storage.The waste is completely cycled every 3-4 days. Should unscheduled shutdowns occur, the waste received from the municipality goes into the storage area which is designed to handle normal surges and continue accepting the waste.Thermal diversityThe waste is injected into the upper part of thermal transformer (also referred to as the plasma gasifier or reactor) and piles up in the body of the reactor. The plasma torches located at the bottom of the reactor generate a flame that is between 5000-8000 F.The organic m aterial does not burn because there is not enough group O. The organic matter is transformed to a gas composed primarily of carbon copy monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N). This gas contains substantial energy and can be used in a variety of ways.The hot gas rises up through the waste piled in the reactor and begins the gasification process on the material piled in the reactor. By the time the waste has reached the bottom of the reactor, the high temperature, oxygen starved environment has totally transformed all organic compounds into a gas.The gas that exits from the top of the reactor and is made up of primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water and nitrogen. Small amounts of chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, particulate, carbon dioxide and metals with boiling points less than 2280 F are contained in the gas. Because of the low oxygen atmosphere and high temperature, the base elements of the gas cannot form toxic compounds such as furans, dioxins, NOx, or southward dioxide in the reactor.As the gas exi